Modern programming

Whatever the approach to software development may be, the final program must satisfy some fundamental properties. The following properties are among the most relevant:

• Efficiency/performance: the amount of system resources a program consumes (processor time, memory space, slow devices such as disks, network bandwidth and to some extent even user interaction): the less, the better. This also includes correct disposal of some resources, such as cleaning up temporary files and lack of memory leaks.
• Reliability: how often the results of a program are correct. This depends on conceptual correctness of algorithms, and minimization of programming mistakes, such as mistakes in resource management (e.g., buffer overflows and race conditions) and logic errors (such as division by zero).
• Robustness: how well a program anticipates problems not due to programmer error. This includes situations such as incorrect, inappropriate or corrupt data, unavailability of needed resources such as memory, operating system services and network connections, and user error.
• Usability: the ergonomics of a program: the ease with which a person can use the program for its intended purpose, or in some cases even unanticipated purposes. Such issues can make or break its success even regardless of other issues. This involves a wide range of textual, graphical and sometimes hardware elements that improve the clarity, intuitiveness, cohesiveness and completeness of a program's user interface.
• Portability: the range of computer hardware and operating system platforms on which the source code of a program can be compiled/interpreted and run. This depends on differences in the programming facilities provided by the different platforms, including hardware and operating system resources, expected behaviour of the hardware and operating system, and availability of platform specific compilers (and sometimes libraries) for the language of the source code.
• Maintainability: the ease with which a program can be modified by its present or future developers in order to make improvements or customizations, fix bugs and security holes, or adapt it to new environments. Good practices during initial development make the difference in this regard. This quality may not be directly apparent to the end user but it can significantly affect the fate of a program over the long term.

History of programming

See also: History of programming languages

Wired plug board for an IBM 402 Accounting Machine.

The concept of devices that operate following a pre-defined set of instructions traces back to Greek Mythology, notably Hephaestus and his mechanical servants. The Antikythera mechanism was a calculator utilizing gears of various sizes and configuration to determine its operation. The earliest known programmable machines (machines whose behavior can be controlled and predicted with a set of instructions) were Al-Jazari's programmable Automata in 1206.One of Al-Jazari's robots was originally a boat with four automatic musicians that floated on a lake to entertain guests at royal drinking parties. Programming this mechanism's behavior meant placing pegs and cams into a wooden drum at specific locations. These would then bump into little levers that operate a percussion instrument. The output of this device was a small drummer playing various rhythms and drum patterns. Another sophisticated programmable machine by Al-Jazari was the castle clock, notable for its concept of variables, which the operator could manipulate as necessary (i.e., the length of day and night). The Jacquard Loom, which Joseph Marie Jacquard developed in 1801, uses a series of pasteboard cards with holes punched in them. The hole pattern represented the pattern that the loom had to follow in weaving cloth. The loom could produce entirely different weaves using different sets of cards. Charles Babbage adopted the use of punched cards around 1830 to control his Analytical Engine. The synthesis of numerical calculation, predetermined operation and output, along with a way to organize and input instructions in a manner relatively easy for humans to conceive and produce, led to the modern development of computer programming. Development of computer programming accelerated through the Industrial Revolution.

In the late 1880s, Herman Hollerith invented the recording of data on a medium that could then be read by a machine. Prior uses of machine readable media, above, had been for control, not data. "After some initial trials with paper tape, he settled on punched cards..."To process these punched cards, first known as "Hollerith cards" he invented the tabulator, and the key punch machines. These three inventions were the foundation of the modern information processing industry. In 1896 he founded the Tabulating Machine Company (which later became the core of IBM). The addition of a control panel to his 1906 Type I Tabulator allowed it to do different jobs without having to be physically rebuilt. By the late 1940s, there were a variety of plug-board programmable machines, called unit record equipment, to perform data-processing tasks (card reading). Early computer programmers used plug-boards for the variety of complex calculations requested of the newly invented machines.

Data and instructions could be stored on external punch cards, which were kept in order and arranged in program decks.

The invention of the Von Neumann architecture allowed computer programs to be stored in computer memory. Early programs had to be painstakingly crafted using the instructions of the particular machine, often in binary notation. Every model of computer would be likely to need different instructions to do the same task. Later assembly languages were developed that let the programmer specify each instruction in a text format, entering abbreviations for each operation code instead of a number and specifying addresses in symbolic form (e.g., ADD X, TOTAL). In 1954 Fortran was invented, being the first high level programming language to have a functional implementation.It allowed programmers to specify calculations by entering a formula directly (e.g. Y = X*2 + 5*X + 9). The program text, or source, is converted into machine instructions using a special program called a compiler. Many other languages were developed, including some for commercial programming, such as COBOL. Programs were mostly still entered using punch cards or paper tape. (See computer programming in the punch card era). By the late 1960s, data storage devices and computer terminals became inexpensive enough so programs could be created by typing directly into the computers. Text editors were developed that allowed changes and corrections to be made much more easily than with punch cards.

As time has progressed, computers have made giant leaps in the area of processing power. This has brought about newer programming languages that are more abstracted from the underlying hardware. Although these high-level languages usually incur greater overhead, the increase in speed of modern computers has made the use of these languages much more practical than in the past. These increasingly abstracted languages typically are easier to learn and allow the programmer to develop applications much more efficiently and with less code. However, high-level languages are still impractical for a few programs, such as those where low-level hardware control is necessary or where processing speed is at a premium.

Throughout the second half of the twentieth century, programming was an attractive career in most developed countries. Some forms of programming have been increasingly subject to offshore outsourcing (importing software and services from other countries, usually at a lower wage), making programming career decisions in developed countries more complicated, while increasing economic opportunities in less developed areas. It is unclear how far this trend will continue and how deeply it will impact programmer wages and opportunities.

Programs

In practical terms, a computer program may run from just a few instructions to many millions of instructions, as in a program for a word processor or a web browser. A typical modern computer can execute billions of instructions per second (gigahertz or GHz) and rarely make a mistake over many years of operation. Large computer programs consisting of several million instructions may take teams of programmers years to write, and due to the complexity of the task almost certainly contain errors.

Errors in computer programs are called "bugs". Bugs may be benign and not affect the usefulness of the program, or have only subtle effects. But in some cases they may cause the program to "hang"—become unresponsive to input such as mouse clicks or keystrokes, or to completely fail or "crash". Otherwise benign bugs may sometimes may be harnessed for malicious intent by an unscrupulous user writing an "exploit"—code designed to take advantage of a bug and disrupt a program's proper execution. Bugs are usually not the fault of the computer. Since computers merely execute the instructions they are given, bugs are nearly always the result of programmer error or an oversight made in the program's design.

In most computers, individual instructions are stored as machine code with each instruction being given a unique number (its operation code or opcode for short). The command to add two numbers together would have one opcode, the command to multiply them would have a different opcode and so on. The simplest computers are able to perform any of a handful of different instructions; the more complex computers have several hundred to choose from—each with a unique numerical code. Since the computer's memory is able to store numbers, it can also store the instruction codes. This leads to the important fact that entire programs (which are just lists of instructions) can be represented as lists of numbers and can themselves be manipulated inside the computer just as if they were numeric data. The fundamental concept of storing programs in the computer's memory alongside the data they operate on is the crux of the von Neumann, or stored program, architecture. In some cases, a computer might store some or all of its program in memory that is kept separate from the data it operates on. This is called the Harvard architecture after the Harvard Mark I computer. Modern von Neumann computers display some traits of the Harvard architecture in their designs, such as in CPU caches.

While it is possible to write computer programs as long lists of numbers (machine language) and this technique was used with many early computers, it is extremely tedious to do so in practice, especially for complicated programs. Instead, each basic instruction can be given a short name that is indicative of its function and easy to remember—a mnemonic such as ADD, SUB, MULT or JUMP. These mnemonics are collectively known as a computer's assembly language. Converting programs written in assembly language into something the computer can actually understand (machine language) is usually done by a computer program called an assembler. Machine languages and the assembly languages that represent them (collectively termed low-level programming languages) tend to be unique to a particular type of computer. For instance, an ARM architecture computer (such as may be found in a PDA or a hand-held videogame) cannot understand the machine language of an Intel Pentium or the AMD Athlon 64 computer that might be in a PC.

Though considerably easier than in machine language, writing long programs in assembly language is often difficult and error prone. Therefore, most complicated programs are written in more abstract high-level programming languages that are able to express the needs of the programmer more conveniently (and thereby help reduce programmer error). High level languages are usually "compiled" into machine language (or sometimes into assembly language and then into machine language) using another computer program called a compiler. Since high level languages are more abstract than assembly language, it is possible to use different compilers to translate the same high level language program into the machine language of many different types of computer. This is part of the means by which software like video games may be made available for different computer architectures such as personal computers and various video game consoles.

The task of developing large software systems presents a significant intellectual challenge. Producing software with an acceptably high reliability within a predictable schedule and budget has historically been difficult; the academic and professional discipline of software engineering concentrates specifically on this challenge.

Example

A traffic light showing red

Suppose a computer is being employed to operate a traffic light at an intersection between two streets. The computer has the following three basic instructions.

1. ON(Streetname, Color) Turns the light on Streetname with a specified Color on.
2. OFF(Streetname, Color) Turns the light on Streetname with a specified Color off.
3. WAIT(Seconds) Waits a specifed number of seconds.
4. START Starts the program
5. REPEAT Tells the computer to repeat a specified part of the program in a loop.

Comments are marked with a // on the left margin. Comments in a computer program do not affect the operation of the program. They are not evaluated by the computer. Assume the streetnames are Broadway and Main

START

//Let Broadway traffic go
OFF(Broadway, Red)
ON(Broadway, Green)
WAIT(60 seconds)

//Stop Broadway traffic
OFF(Broadway, Green)
ON(Broadway, Yellow)
WAIT(3 seconds)
OFF(Broadway, Yellow)
ON(Broadway, Red)

//Let Main traffic go
OFF(Main, Red)
ON(Main, Green)
WAIT(60 seconds)

//Stop Main traffic
OFF(Main, Green)
ON(Main, Yellow)
WAIT(3 seconds)
OFF(Main, Yellow)
ON(Main, Red)

//Tell computer to continuously repeat the program.
REPEAT ALL

With this set of instructions, the computer would cycle the light continually through red, green, yellow and back to red again on both streets.

However, suppose there is a simple on/off switch connected to the computer that is intended to be used to make the light flash red while some maintenance operation is being performed. The program might then instruct the computer to:

START

IF Switch == OFF then: //Normal traffic signal operation
{
//Let Broadway traffic go
OFF(Broadway, Red)
ON(Broadway, Green)
WAIT(60 seconds)

//Stop Broadway traffic
OFF(Broadway, Green)
ON(Broadway, Yellow)
WAIT(3 seconds)
OFF(Broadway, Yellow)
ON(Broadway, Red)

//Let Main traffic go
OFF(Main, Red)
ON(Main, Green)
WAIT(60 seconds)

//Stop Main traffic
OFF(Main, Green)
ON(Main, Yellow)
WAIT(3 seconds)
OFF(Main, Yellow)
ON(Main, Red)

//Tell the computer to repeat this section continuously.
REPEAT THIS SECTION
}

IF Switch == ON THEN: //Maintenance Mode
{
//Turn the red lights on and wait 1 second.
ON(Broadway, Red)
ON(Main, Red)
WAIT(1 second)

//Turn the red lights off and wait 1 second.
OFF(Broadway, Red)
OFF(Main, Red)
WAIT(1 second)

//Tell the computer to repeat the statements in this section.
REPEAT THIS SECTION
}

In this manner, the traffic signal will run a flash-red program when the switch is on, and will run the normal program when the switch is off. Both of these program examples show the basic layout of a computer program in a simple, familiar context of a traffic signal. Any experienced programmer can spot many software bugs in the program, for instance, not making sure that the green light is off when the switch is set to flash red. However, to remove all possible bugs would make this program much longer and more complicated, and would be confusing to nontechnical readers: the aim of this example is a simple demonstration of how computer instructions are laid out.

Stored program architecture

The defining feature of modern computers which distinguishes them from all other machines is that they can be programmed. That is to say that a list of instructions (the program) can be given to the computer and it will store them and carry them out at some time in the future.

In most cases, computer instructions are simple: add one number to another, move some data from one location to another, send a message to some external device, etc. These instructions are read from the computer's memory and are generally carried out (executed) in the order they were given. However, there are usually specialized instructions to tell the computer to jump ahead or backwards to some other place in the program and to carry on executing from there. These are called "jump" instructions (or branches). Furthermore, jump instructions may be made to happen conditionally so that different sequences of instructions may be used depending on the result of some previous calculation or some external event. Many computers directly support subroutines by providing a type of jump that "remembers" the location it jumped from and another instruction to return to the instruction following that jump instruction.

Program execution might be likened to reading a book. While a person will normally read each word and line in sequence, they may at times jump back to an earlier place in the text or skip sections that are not of interest. Similarly, a computer may sometimes go back and repeat the instructions in some section of the program over and over again until some internal condition is met. This is called the flow of control within the program and it is what allows the computer to perform tasks repeatedly without human intervention.

Comparatively, a person using a pocket calculator can perform a basic arithmetic operation such as adding two numbers with just a few button presses. But to add together all of the numbers from 1 to 1,000 would take thousands of button presses and a lot of time—with a near certainty of making a mistake. On the other hand, a computer may be programmed to do this with just a few simple instructions. For example:

mov #0,sum ; set sum to 0
mov #1,num ; set num to 1
loop: add num,sum ; add num to sum
add #1,num ; add 1 to num
cmp num,#1000 ; compare num to 1000
ble loop ; if num <= 1000, go back to 'loop' halt ; end of program. stop running  

Once told to run this prog

ram, the computer will perform the repetitive addition task without further human intervention. It will almost never make a mistake and a modern PC can complete the task in about a millionth of a second.

However, computers cannot "think" for themselves in the sense that they only solve problems in exactly the way they are p

rogrammed to. An intelligent human faced with the above addition task might soon realize that instead of actually adding up all the numbers one can simply use the equation

and arrive at the correct answer (500,500) with little work. In other words, a computer programmed to add up the numbers one by one as in the example above would do exactly that without regard to efficiency or alternative solutions.

History of computing

The first use of the word "computer" was recorded in 1613, referring to a person who carried out calculations, or computations, and the word continued to be used in that sense until the middle of the 20th century. From the end of the 19th century onwards though, the word began to take on its more familiar meaning, describing a machine that carries out computations.

The history of the modern computer begins with two separate technologies—automated calculation and programmability—but no single device can be identified as the earliest computer, partly because of the inconsistent application of that term. Examples of early mechanical calculating devices include the abacus, the slide rule and arguably the astrolabe and the Antikythera mechanism (which dates from about 150–100 BC). Hero of Alexandria (c. 10–70 AD) built a mechanical theater which performed a play lasting 10 minutes and was operated by a complex system of ropes and drums that might be considered to be a means of deciding which parts of the mechanism performed which actions and when.^[4] This is the essence of programmability.

The "castle clock", an astronomical clock invented by Al-Jazari in 1206, is considered to be the earliest programmable analog computer.^[5] It displayed the zodiac, the solar and lunar orbits, a crescent moon-shaped pointer travelling across a gateway causing automatic doors to open every hour, and five robotic musicians who played music when struck by levers operated by a camshaft attached to a water wheel. The length of day and night could be re-programmed to compensate for the changing lengths of day and night throughout the year.

The Renaissance saw a re-invigoration of European mathematics and engineering. Wilhelm Schickard's 1623 device was the first of a number of mechanical calculators constructed by European engineers, but none fit the modern definition of a computer, because they could not be programmed.

In 1801, Joseph Marie Jacquard made an improvement to the textile loom by introducing a series of punched paper cards as a template which allowed his loom to weave intricate patterns automatically. The resulting Jacquard loom was an important step in the development of computers because the use of punched cards to define woven patterns can be viewed as an early, albeit limited, form of programmability.

It was the fusion of automatic calculation with programmability that produced the first recognizable computers. In 1837, Charles Babbage was the first to conceptualize and design a fully programmable mechanical computer, his analytical engine. Limited finances and Babbage's inability to resist tinkering with the design meant that the device was never completed.

In the late 1880s, Herman Hollerith invented the recording of data on a machine readable medium. Prior uses of machine readable media, above, had been for control, not data. "After some initial trials with paper tape, he settled on punched cards ..." To process these punched cards he invented the tabulator, and the keypunch machines. These three inventions were the foundation of the modern information processing industry. Large-scale automated data processing of punched cards was performed for the 1890 United States Census by Hollerith's company, which later became the core of IBM. By the end of the 19th century a number of technologies that would later prove useful in the realization of practical computers had begun to appear: the punched card, Boolean algebra, the vacuum tube (thermionic valve) and the teleprinter.

During the first half of the 20th century, many scientific computing needs were met by increasingly sophisticated analog computers, which used a direct mechanical or electrical model of the problem as a basis for computation. However, these were not programmable and generally lacked the versatility and accuracy of modern digital computers.

Alan Turing is widely regarded to be the father of modern computer science. In 1936 Turing provided an influential formalisation of the concept of the algorithm and computation with the Turing machine. Of his role in the modern computer, Time magazine in naming Turing one of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century, states: "The fact remains that everyone who taps at a keyboard, opening a spreadsheet or a word-processing program, is working on an incarnation of a Turing machine".

The inventor of the program-controlled computer was Konrad Zuse, who built the first working computer in 1941 and later in 1955 the first computer based on magnetic storage.

George Stibitz is internationally recognized as a father of the modern digital computer. While working at Bell Labs in November 1937, Stibitz invented and built a relay-based calculator he dubbed the "Model K" (for "kitchen table", on which he had assembled it), which was the first to use binary circuits to perform an arithmetic operation. Later models added greater sophistication including complex arithmetic and programmability.

Ilmu Komputer,am: Making 3D DIGITAL VIEWER.

Ilmu Komputer,am: Eliminating driver printer

Ilmu Komputer,am: Eliminating driver printer

Eliminating driver printer

To eliminate printer and print driver , its steps shall be as follows :

- Remove printer from print manager
- Vanish printer driver which have location at folder % indir%\system32\spoll\drivers\w32x86\2 and/or\0 and/or\1

Edit registry and vanish driver of :

- Hkey_Local_Machine\System\CurrenControlSet\Control\Print\Environments\Wlndows NT x86\Drivers\Version-1 or: Hkey_Local_Machine\System\CurrentControlSet\Control\Print\Environments\Windows NT x86\Drivers\Version-2 for NT 4.0 HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Print\Printers\

For Network printer edit

HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Printers\Connections\
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Print\Providers\LanMan Print Services\Servers\\Printers\

Don't forget your Restar computer !

Microsoft Visual Studio 2010 Attending March 2010 Coming

Side Microsoft announce that visual Ere long Studio 2010 beta version will immediately can be test-drived at the same time by . Net Framework 4.0 Delevor tools.Two product is plan will really enter its final opening at date of 22 March 2010 coming.

“ Microsoft nowadays still develop Visual Studio 2010” word Dave Mendlen,one of senior director division development Microsoft say that.”Ini likely will become release most biggest for a number of years duration

New Fitur to be owned by this application is fitur recording of like at Tivo to be nicknamed by as “ Intelli Trace”.”We very proud mechanically newly this” say of Mendlen again.

Other New Fitur at Visual Studio 2010 is cover support at system operate for Windows 7 and Windows Azure as good as maybe.this represent principal focus from Microsoft now.With Visual Studio 2010,Microsoft also try to boost up various different version for penjualannya,demi cut price sale it,from seven fitur become three.at a interview conducted via telephone,deputy president from this Microsoft,Somasegar say it that this all as according to our customer demand .Somasegar say that its cutomer have phrased that “ Once you can make it more simple hence that all of way of you practice it.

Later Visual Studio 2010 this will be divisible become three choice that is for version Professional,Premium and Ultimate.Microsoft self plan to do bargain ‘ Ultimate’ this as promotion to reach for new cutomer to can use higher level version from Visual Studio

Microsoft Office 2010 Web Version

Drawing to correct reading decision of Microsoft to free of charge version Online ( or Web Version) from Microsoft Office of 2010.Hal this make Microsoft of head-to-head by Google and organizer of Online Productivity Suite lainnya.Dan Remember very popular it Microsoft Office,Keberadaan version of online free of charge of menguncang market.

Microsoft not yet given any detail hit this version online to publik.Walaupun internally have often didemokan,tetapi detail-detail function of any kind of to be made available still not yet this diumumkan.Hal is very determine its product ini.Tapi,tetap saja,berhubung price successfulness is free,tentunya of all consumer will be tempted to try and use it.

Pursuant to announcement Microsoft,Office Online/Web will be made available by through 3 way of : free for consumer and di-host in data center Microsoft,Free for Volume License customers and dihost data center customer sendiri,dan service pay for for the other company is which di-host partner Microsoft.Harga service pay for this still not yet diumumkan,but a lot of party take a gamble on that its price will not far from price which on the market by Google.
Considering Office 2010 have entered its phase Technical Priviewm,Meaning Microsoft Office 2010 still walk on schedule and estimated will be launched in the early year 2010

Cyrix/VIA MII-PR433 Processor Review

What we are seeing today has probably never happened in the history of computing. Faster and faster CPU's are churning out of the fab plants at what seems like a weekly basis. Before we can even get out hands on the fastest processor out there, an even faster processor comes and takes its place before we know it! As we all know, this is because AMD had at long last reached a stage where their products were poised to do battle with the pride of Intel, the Intel Pentium III line of CPUs.

Socks were knocked off at Intel and they just couldn't believe that after all these years of AMD playing catch up with Intel, AMD had finally had the technology to beat Intel at their own game with their release of the Athlon processor. High end CPUs with speeds of 800MHz+ are being released so frequently that it is almost boring to keep up with. The fanfare of a processor launch isn't what it used to be.

The competition has become so fierce that it has come down to a company releasing a CPU that is only 50MHz faster in clock rate than its competitor just to be crowned "speed king" for the time being. Currently, no one foresees a true competitor to the Intel Pentium III or the AMD Athlon CPUs. Transmeta's Crusoe is making waves in the background, but as this CPU has yet to hit mainstream, it will take sometime to judge whether or not the Crusoe is able to share the same space with AMD or Intel.

So while this battle of "who's better, who's best" goes on in the spotlight, VIA-Cyrix has been working its own processor. No, not at the high-end where any chance of getting a foothold in the market looks grim, but at the low end consumer level where the this bloodbath is relatively less bloody. It is the upcoming "Joshua" processor which is slated for release in few days this February. The "Joshua" is targeted to compete directly with the Intel Celeron CPU which is Intel's "Consumer low end" processor. And architecturally, it certainly looks promising.

Being Socket 370 compatible, based on a 0.18 micron fabrication process and having double the on die L2 as the Celeron, the "Joshua" so far looks to be a great alternative on the budget PC market.

But before our lives move on to "Joshua" I just thought I would finish with a review of the last MII CPU made. The Cyrix MII/433. As we all know, Cyrix (before being bought by VIA) CPUs were built to compete with Intel's Pentium (now Pentium Classic) CPUs starting with the 6x86 line of chips. Being plagued with problems such as very low floating point performance, earlier Cyrix CPUs were targeted toward the business end user as opposed to the hardcore gamers of that time.

The much anticipated 6x86MX was the same 6x86 core with an increase in L1 cache and an addition of MMX instructions. Soon after that, Cyrix introduced a CPU with support for a 100MHz FSB the Cyrix MII. Many "CyrixInstead" advocates voiced their disappointment with the MII as they had hoped for a better floating point unit and higher clock speeds over the 6x86MX architecture. Throughout the MII line there have been varying flavours ranging from PR300 - PR433. Strangely enough, the processor has evolved from a 0.35 micron based chip to a 0.18 micron base with the same MII logo on the CPU. Supported voltage has evolved as well, from a 2.9V core to a much lower 2.2V core which greatly lessens heat dissipation.

Specifications

As mentioned earlier, the MII line of CPUs have undergone some changes throughout the years. Certain specs given below are specific for the Cyrix MII-433 CPU. No assumption should be made for similar characteristics for early generation MII's.

Cyrix MII-433GP

- Clock speed of 300MHz with a PR rating of 433MHz
- .18-micron fab process
- 2.2V core voltage
- 100MHz FSB officially supported
- 3.0x Clock multiplier at standard rating
- 64K 4-Way Unified Write Back cache architecture
- 2 Level TLB (16 Entry L1, 384 Entry L2)
- Scratchpad RAM in Unified Cache (L1)
- Compatible with MMX Technology

In order to increase performance the MII processor contains two caches, the L1 unified 64 KB 4-way set associative write-back cache and a small high speed instruction line cache. To provide support for multimedia operations, the cache can be turned into a scratchpad RAM memory on a line by line basis.

The cache area set aside as scratchpad memory acts as a private memory for the CPU and does not participate in cache operations. Within the MII processor there are two TLBs, the main L1 TLB and the larger L2 TLB. The direct mapped L1 TLB has 16 entries and the 6-way associative L2 TLB has 384 entries. The floating point unit of the MII is optimized by being able to process MMX instructions.

The smaller .18-micron process certainly contributes to the lower voltage requirements and results in a lot less heat dissipation. The most popular characteristic is the overclockability of .18-micron CPUs. Does the Cyrix overclock as well as say, a Coppermine?

Virulent Code / Pest ( Malicious Codes)

Definition

Virulent code / pest ( malicious codes or shortened by malcodes) defined as all kinds of program, macro or script which can execution and made as a mean to destroy computer system. Therefore bug made involuntaryly by programer, do not the included in this category. But for really bug bother, many people categorize it as malcode
Ahead used by term " Malware (= Malicious Software)" addressed for malcode. But this term is too weak and narrow, so that the spurious e-mail / lie which notabene of non software cannot be packed into by this faction. Is therefore used by term malcode, non malware.

Classification

Pest code can be classified in 3 kinds of faction: virus, worm and Trojan Horses, and also some program owning bug.

Virus

Virus own virulent ability to reproduce themselves and consisted of by the code goals modification code corps which which can is walk, or earn also the internal structure modification of code goals, so that the code goals of before walking forced to run virus.Virus often present unwelcome message, ruined of display appearance, vanishing memory C-Mos, ruined of information in hard disk etc. the Effect generated by a virus experience of growth which serious enough latterly.

Example the virus: Brain, Ohe half, Die hard, XM/Laroux, Win95/CIH.

Virus admit of divided again in a few category :

1. Boot Virus: If computer flamed, a initial program in boot sector will be run. Virus residing in boot sector referred as by boot virus.
2. Virus File: File of Virus is virus which infection of executable program. Reported by that almost 80% virus is virus file.
3. Multipartite Virus: Virus which the good infection of boot sector and file.
4. Macro Virus: met Latter.Its goals non executable program, but file dokument of like Microsoft Excel or Word. He will start infection if application program read containing document of macro.

Worm

Worm addressed to program copying his self to ONLY memory computer. Elementary difference from worm virus and is, what goals code infection or do not. goals code Infection virus, but worm do not. Worm only ngendon in memory
Worm initially met in large computer ( 1970-an), and final- just this met in small computer like PC. Especially since 1999, where work of a lot of circulating through enamel media
Example worm: I-Worm/Happy99(Ska), I-Worm/ExploreZIP, I-Worm/PrettyPark, I-Worm/MyPics

Trojan Horse

Trojan Horse produced virulent with an eye to. Differ from virus, Trojan Horse cannot produce ownself. Generally, they are brought by utility of other program. Utility of the Program contain x'self, or Trojan Horse of itself also " proud of " as utility program.
Example Trojan Horse: Win-Trojan/Back Orifice, Win-Trojan/SubSeven, Win-Trojan/Ecokys(Korean)

Trojan Horse admit of divided again become :
1. pack of Of Trojan Horse: Trojan Horse which walk in PACK. He Lessen speed of computer or vanish of file of on or the certain situation.
2. Windows Trojan Horse: Run in system Microsoft Windows. Sum Up Windows Trojan Horse mount since 1998 and used as by a program for hacking with an eye to the criminal which can collect information from computer jointed by internet.
Reference(ilmukomputer.com)

Technology Of Cooler Processor.

For many people, wafting PC standard cooler have been felt to answer the demand. But how sweetly is overclock forcing prosesor PC-NYA work to reach its ability boundary sill? I their confidence will feel less with wafting PC-NYA standard cooler performance and look for more cooler of cool verygood. Or how by notebook requiring system can economize energy which utility? Besides economical prosesor of electrics, notebook also apply laboring fan cooler as according to requirement.

In fact the refrigeration PC technology also have evolution of during its adjacent duty to prosesor. But is true do not as fast as technological growth of prosesor itself. This because for the normal condition, technological use of standard refrigeration have last for making cool prosesor. Marginally, divisible cooler system type become 3, that is air cooler system, cooler system irrigate, and peltier.

Reference(ilmukomputer.com)

FIND FREE APPLICATION ONLINE IN INTERNET.

Now likely have tida need again buy and menginstal application of like word processing of application or edit video and photo , because we can find altogether in internet free of charge.
Make-Up of consumer of internet of world have been happened by since last some years and that matter become separate market to all developer . Nowadays they focus make application of online addressed to all consumer internet..
Various application which before now only can be conducted by programs offline now have earned conducted by online.Dengan so all consumer needn't release a number of money to buy software . Enough by internet altogether can be conducted.
Any kind of application of free online is which we can use to finish our work , following detail it :

A. Application of word processing online
1.Google Docs
2.Zoho Writer
3.Buzzword

B. Editor application draw online
1.LunaPic
2.Photoshop Express
3.Splashup

C. Application shar photo online
1.Photobucker
2.Flickr
3.Snapfish

D. Application of Editor of video online
1.MotionBox
2.JayCut

Making 3D DIGITAL VIEWER.

By Chip Doctor.

Slideshow Draw 3D at home You

What you Be fed up with photos of llama which display at home? Attending nuance 3 dimension fascinating at various collection of Your photo.

CHIP will explain how raft a 3D viewer for the digital photo of stereoscopic. To get photos of this type of, You require two same digital camera and can " making a picture" in synchronize through infra-red remote control. You even also require to use special additional lens making a couple of photo with angle;corner differ in once photograph ( shot). special Additional lens for the digital camera of This SLR own price about US$ 150 or more.

Frame by desain special for photo 3D.

3D viewer sold in shop generally hence photograph ( papers) really. To can see network photograph in 3D, You have to print it. CHIP combine the analogous peripheral with special digital photo frame in order to own effect 3D digitally. Drawing up ahead a 3D analogous viewer ( US$ 40), digital photo frame ( US$ 150), program CAD [in] PC, metal plate amputation service, and a few/little hand skill ( if/when perforced hence a simple wood construction). altogether that, You'D can string up a frame photograph 3D which though modestly, but photo winnowed can fascinating.

1.Preparation













Preparation – To start raft it, You require a digital photo frame, program CAD for PC, 3D photoviewer, screwdriver, and the ordinary other complement equipments weared. Photo frame selected is Philips 7FF2CME/00 fairish of diagonal 7 resolution and inch 720 x 480 pixels.

2.Planning

Start – Important Step in making frame this is make construction of framework functioning as link frame photo and viewer. But, before strarting it, measure each;every component. You require to unload frame photograph and viewer. What important is take care of distance of between precise lens and photo.

3.Desain

Patience – After Knowing, whereabout holder attached and how size measure it, Youcan To start to design it. Design Holder of according to You creativity. What Require to be paid attention to is keep distance which have been measured. Remember, mark of also the hole drill.

4.Professional Aid

Yellow Pages – For stable holder use strong material and is easy to processed. CHIP recommend aluminium. Exploiting service of service of professional using special cutter. Result of construction made with program of CAD earn You keep in format of file of dxf which is generally supported by the service.

WHAT THAT THE TOUCH SCREEN ?

Touch screens, Touch panels or touchscreen panels is screen appearance of sensitive computer to human being touch, so that one can have interaction to with computer by touching picture or article shown at screen of komputer.Touchscreen is often weared at kiosk of information in public place, for example in airport and hospital and also at peripheral of training base on komputer.Sistim touchscreen of is available in form monitor own ability of sensitive screen of touch and there is also more economic kit touchscreen which can be attached at monitor of ada.A sound card ( also known of ace of an of audio card) is a computer expansion card that facilitates the of input of and output of of audio of signals to/from a computer under control of computer programs. Typical Uses of sound cards include providing the of audio of component for multimedia applications such of ace of music composition, editing of video of or audio, presentation/education, and entertainment ( gamete). Many Computers have sound capabilities built in, while others require additional expansion cards to provide for of audio capability.

Touchscreen Or Touch panels, or Touch monitor to represent a computer peripheral which is generally used to present information grafikal and visual representing output from a computer peripheral. But, differentiating it with ordinary television screen or monitor is what presented in it earn directly have interaction of physical with his consumer.it's intention, You earn direct touch the screen display by hand or the assistive appliance to access what presented in it.

System work touch screen.

A simplest screen touchscreen consisted of three especial component fruit in working. The component shall be as follows:

1.TouchSensor
2.Controller
3.Software driver

Touch Censor

Touch of Censor represent a coat of receiver of input from outside monitor.Input from touchscreen is a touch, hence from that the censor also represent censor touch.

Touch Censor

Touch of Censor represent a coat of receiver of input from outside monitor.Input from touchscreen is a touch, hence from that the censor also represent censor touch